
انسانها موجوداتی اجتماعی هستند. این که انگیختهی این اجتماعی بودن یک غریزه است یا یک اضطرار و اجبار، در ماهیت این ادعا خللی وارد نمیکند. پیامد و ضرورت یک اجتماع، تعریفِ حدود وثغور منافع کسی (حقوق) در مقابل منافع دیگری (تکلیف) است. این بدیهیات بلافاصله این پرسش سهمگین را پیشروی بشر متجدد می گذارد که چه کسی یا چه کسانی و بر اساس کدام روش، این مشروعیت را می یابند که در کوچکترین نهاد اجتماعی یعنی خانواده تا بزرگترین سپهر اجتماعی یعنی عرصه بین الملل برای این مرزگذاری اعمال نظر نمایند؟
مواجهه انسان پیشامدرن را می توان به روشنی در اسطوره ها با تحلیل کهن الگویی بازشناخت. در این گونه تحلیل که توسط #فروید برساخته شده و توسط #یونگ به کمال رسید، نشان داده می شود که أساطیر گذشته که مشترکات عجیب و باورنکردنی با هم دارند بسیار بیش از یک قصه معمولی هستند و منعکس کننده باورهای اصیل انسان هستند.
بی تردید، معروفترین نماد اسطوره ای پدرسالاری، #زئوس است. کرونوس، پدر زئوس، شنیده بود که توسط یکی از فرزندانش سرنگون خواهد شد. به همین دلیل فرزندان خود را میبلعید. اما زئوس که فرزند ششم بود توسط مادر و مادر بزرگ (!) نجات پیدا می کند. سپس #زئوس پدر را سرنگون می کند و بچههای بلعیده شده را بیرون می آورد و او را تا ابد زندانی و اخته می کند. زئوس نیز می شنود که دخترش از متیس از نظر عقل و خرد همتای او خواهد بود. او با حیله ای #متیس را می بلعد اما ٩ روز بعد آتنا از مغز او متولد می شود اما هیچگاه بر پدر نمی شورد. او به واسطه این خردمندی و در عین حال فرمانبرداری آنچنان مورد علاقه پدر قرار می گیرد که تنها فرزندی بود که اجازه بازی با آذرخش پدر را داشت و از این جهت محسود سایرین قرار می گیرد. تقریباً نیمی از ایزدان، الهه (خدابانو) هستند. مهربانترین آنها با زئوس، آتنا است، #هرا به دلیل زنبارگی با زئوس بر سر مهر نیست و سایرین رابطه خنثی و عمدتاً درخواستی از زئوس دارند و گویا هیچیک با نظام پدرسالاری مشکلی ندارند. در اسطوره ها هرکس بر پدرسالاری می شورد سپس همان مشی را دنبال می کند. از شخصیتهایی که کمتر از او سخن به ﻣﻴﺎﻥ آمده، متیس است که زئوس او را به همان شرحی که رفت می بلعد. او حتی بعد از به دنیا آوردن آتنا در درون زئوس، تا به أبد در او مستور می ماند. در کتاب انواع زنان شینوا بولدن معتقد است که: ((دیگر وقتش است، متیس از بطن زئوس برون آید.)) اگرچه من گمان می کنم این تهدید به طور فزایندی وجود دارد که او نیز پس از سربرآوردن همان راه زئوس را برود! در این یادداشت با عنوان اسطوره مادر تمام! بیشتر به این موضوع پرداختهام.
پدرسالاری که اشتباهاً با مردسالاری یکی انگاشته می شود، یک مشروعیت بخشی است که بیشتر سویه جایگاهی دارد تا جنسیتی، اگرچه در طول تاریخ عمدتاً توسط مردان تصاحب شده است. در این تلقی کسی به دلیل یا دلایلی این مشروعیت را می یابد یا برای خود به رسمیت می پندارد که نظر خود را بر نظر دیگران برتر بداند. پدرسالاری یعنی من بیشتر و بهتر از تو می دانم و برای این ادعا، خود را از اقامه هر برهانی که آن را توجیه کند، مستغنی می بینم!
ما انسانهای متکبر امروزی که با یک گوگل کردن به تقریباً و توسعاً همه دانش بشر دسترسی داریم خیلی بیشتر از پدرانمان، مستعد پدرسالاری هستیم و در عین حال بیش از همه آنها داعیه دار تنفر از پدرسالاریم! اما این تنفر کافی نیست و اگر باعث شود که گمان کنیم به طور کلی از آن بری هستیم، به اصطلاح یونگینها به #سایه می رود که خطرناکترین وضع ممکن است.
اگر همه آنچه رفت را ضرورت کنارنهادن پدرسالاری فرض کنیم، پرسش فربهی که در پی آن خواهد آمد راهکار رهایی از آن خواهد بود. به زعم من #مصطفی_ملکیان در کتاب راهی به رهایی، آدابی را با ما در ﻣﻴﺎﻥ گذاشته است که می توان به خوبی به کارمان بیاید. او پیشنهاد می دهد که: (( شیفتگی و تعلق دائمی به هر عقیده ای را کنار گذاریم و با بکاربستن تعقل و تفکر نقادانه و تفکیک مسأله از مسأله نما، تشکیک و انتقاد به هر عقیده ای در هر زمان و توسط هرکس را محتمل بدانیم و با تمام وجود پیآمدهای این رویکرد را بپذیریم. ))
آنقدر که من می فهمم با فروکاستن روح پدرسالاری در ﻣﻴﺎﻥ مان، با آدابی که شرح آن رفت، تدریجا به تواضع متخلق می شویم و بعد از شنیدن نظرگاههای گوناگون له یا علیه یک رای، تدریجاً رای خود را با حداقل قیود مطلق ممکن تقریر کنیم. آنچه حرف آخر را می زند نه جنسیت، نه جایگاه، نه سن و سال بلکه منطق و استدلال و عقلانیت است و در آن جایی که سلایق مطرح است، چه خوب است که تواضع و عدالت، راه تصمیم و اختیار را برای دیگری نیز باز گذارد و فراتراز آن، باید حق بر خطا بودن و حق تجربه ی شخصی، مثل آب و غذا، مثل هوا، مثل احترام، حق همه آدمیان است.
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